Efficiency measurement

How do we measure efficiency? To economists - or to a certain type of economist - it is simply a question of profitability, even when it concerns what most people consider a social provision such as public transport. What is lost when railway lines and bus routes to small, out-of-the-way communities are cut in the name of efficiency? After all, if a line or route is used only occasionally by a few people, it would be much cheaper to rip up the lines and let everyone use their cars. For many governments, the way to turn inefficient national services into profitable businesses has been to sell off these services - and their responsibilities - to private enterprises. Cost, in terms of profit and loss, is of course an important factor, but other factors need to be considered when dealing with the livelihoods of whole communities, however small. Among these are the social, environmental, human and cultural costs incurred by cutting off more remote communities from greater opportunities, including economic activities that benefit society as a whole.