Hookham

The booksellers of Hookham and Carpenter (hereafter referred to only as Hookham) were located on New Bond Street in London, and their records span the most politically turbulent decade of the eighteenth century, the 1790s. Clients who frequented Hookham were primarily from the aristocratic or gentry classes. In fact, of Hookham's total buyers, 22% were the aristocracy, and 35% of the aristocracy purchased novels. We can also confidently assume that untitled female customers were of gentry income because their addresses were primarily in London's fashionable West End. Hookham's ledgers not only reveal a dramatic increase in the proportion of female purchasers of novels by comparison to earlier studies of provincial women, but they also reveal a remarkable increase in the proportion of female purchases of novels authored by females. Such a marked increase illustrates that Hookham's leisure female customers were able to buy more novels. Furthermore, the fact that these female aristocrats and gentry have accounts under their own names, not their spouses', demonstrates the greater degree of agency and independence that these urban, moneyed women had relative to provincial women. However, because our study does not include an examination of male customers, we are very limited in what claims we can make about whether or not these women behaved according to the cliche that women were the predominant consumers of novels in the eighteenth-century. Moreover, while more disposable income and leisure time certainly account for the significant increase in female purchases of novels authored by women in the 1790s, this increase also strongly suggests a desire on the part of women readers to engage in this politically charged decade. Thus, novel-reading provided women readers with the means through which they were able to participate in the male-dominated world of politics.