Western Firms
It is often assumed that when Western firms, or any firm for that matter, reach out across [blank] to establish a factory outlet here, an assembly plant there or a subsidiary in some far-off [blank] , they do so through directly investing and thereby wholly owning such facilities. In the 1970s and 1980s, among the low-cost manufacturing overseas operations, this was indeed often the case, but increasingly Western firms [blank] to conduct their business at-a-distance through a variety of indirect means, of which subcontracting became the principal [blank] .
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